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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


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CERTAIN 


ANTIQUITIES 


OF   THE 


FLORIDA  WEST-COAST. 


BY 


CLARENCE    B.  MOORE. 


REPRINT   FROM  THE  JOURNAL  OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF   NATURAL 

SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA,   VOLUME   XI. 

PHILADELPHIA,    1900. 


PHILADELPHIA  : 

P.  C.  STOCKHAUSEN, 

53-55  N.  7th  St  , 

1900. 


}V 


FLORIDA  COAST 

CUARW/ITER    HARBOR    TO   SAK*St>TA 
Seal*    in    miles 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 

i'H£     '    ^y 

UN  IV  „ 

BY  CLARENCE  B.  MOORE. 

During  the  past  eight  years  we  have  made  certain  investigations  of  aboriginal 
remains  in  the  southern  United  States  with  the  aid  of  a  large  flat-bottomed  stenmer 
containing  a  corps  of  assistants  and  numbers  of  trained  men  to  dig.  The  results 
of  these  investigations  have  been  embodied  in  reports  appearing  in  the  Journal '  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  where  the  collections  made  by 
us  during  our  work  are  deposited. 

Several  years  ago  we  explored  the  mounds  bordering  the  Florida  east-coast, 
following  the  footsteps  of  Mr.  Andrew  E.  Douglass,  of  the  Museum  of  Natural  His 
tory,  New  York,  finding,  as  he  did,  but  little  of  comparative  interest  in  the  mounds 
of  that  section.2 

A  certain  amount  of  investigation  of  the  aboriginal  remains  of  the  west  coast 
of  Florida  has  been  made  by  Mr.  S.  T.  Walker,  the  results  appearing  in  the  reports 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  I).  C.,  for  the  years  1879  and  1883. 

The  data  obtained  by  Mr.  Walker,  while  of  interest,  were  not  of  a  nature1  to 
encourage  farther  arclnvological  work  on  the  west  coast,  and  had  it  not  been  for 
the  remarkable  discoveries  made  in  the  muck  on  the  upper  end  of  the  island 
of  Marco,  almost  the  northernmost  key3  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  which 
border  the  Florida  west-coast  along  the  counties  of  Lee  and  Monroe,  it  is  not  likely 
a  visit  would  have  been  made  by  us  to  the  Florida  west-coast.  But  when  the  mag 
nificent  collection,  mainly  of  objects  of  wood,  was  shown  us  by  Mr.  Frank  Hamil 
ton  Cushing,  and  we  had  studied  his  brilliant  preliminary  report,4  we  resolved  to 
visit  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  and  did  so  during  about  three  and  one-half  months 
of  the  winter  of  1900,  to  make  a  reconnoissance,  as  it  wrere,  to  determine  whether 
or  not  a  series  of  seasons  could  profitably  be  spent  by  us  in  making  a  thorough 
examination  of  what  might  prove  to  be  so  rich  a  field. 

1  "  Certain  Sand  Moniuls  of  the  St.  Johns  River,  Florida."     Parts  I  and  If,  Journ.  A.  N.  S.  P., 
Vol.  X,  1894. 

"Certain  Sand  Mounds  of  Duval  County,  Florida.  Two  Mounds  on  Murphy  Island,  Florida. 
Certain  Sand  Mounds  of  the  Ocklawaha  River,  Florida."  Journ.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  Vol.  X,  1895. 

"Certain  Aboriginal  Mounds  of  the  Georgia  Coast."       Journ.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  Vol.  XI,  1897. 

"Certain  Aboriginal  Mounds  of  the  Coast  of  South  Carolina.  Certain  Aboriginal  Mounds  of 
the  Savannah  River.  Certain  Aboriginal  Mounds  of  the  Altaniaha  River."  Journ.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  Vol. 
XI,  1898. 

"Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Alabama  River."     Journ.  A.  N.  S.  P.,  Vol.  XI,  1899. 

2  "  Additional  Mounds  of  Duval  and  Clay  Counties,  Florida.     Mound  Investigation  on  the 
East  coast  of  Florida.     Certain  Florida  Coast  Mounds  North  of  the  St.  Johns  River."      [Privately 
printed.] 

*  An  island,  from  the  Spanish  cmjo. 

*  "  Exploration  of  Ancient  Key-dweller  Remains  on  the  Gulf  Coast  of  Florida."     Proceedings 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Vol.  XXV,  No.  153. 


1 15645 


352      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 

During  the  summer  of  1899,  G.  W.  Rossignol,  formerly  captain  of  our  steamer, 
and  thoroughly  familiar  with  aboriginal  remains,  accompanied  by  a  companion 
knowing  the  territory,  made  a  journey  along  the  coast  from  Anclote  Key  on  the 
north  to  the  Caloosahatchee  river  on  the  south,  including  the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay. 
Great  numbers  of  mounds  and  shell  heaps  were  located  by  him  and  the  addresses 
of  the  owners '  secured,  from  nearly  all  of  whom  we  obtained  in  advance  permission 
to  investigate,  so  that  our  labors  were  greatly  expedited.  Never  before  had  we  set 
out  so  thoroughly  prepared  for  work  and  never  did  our  efforts  meet  with  so  little 
success. 

Our  journey  extended  from  near  Clearwater  Harbor  on  the  north  to  Tampa. 
Bay,  and  to  such  mounds  on  the  Bay  as  seemed  of  most  interest,  including  parts  of 
the  Ala-fin,  the  Little  Manatee  and  the  Manatee,  rivers ;  through  Sarasot.a  Bay  ; 
down  Pine  Island  Sound,  including  some  of  the  keys  described  by  Mr.  Cushing ; 
part  of  the  Caloosahatchee  river;  Estero  Bay  with  Mound  Island;  Key  Marco; 
and  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands  to  the  Chatham  river,  not  far  from  the  North-west 
Cape. 

FOUR  MILE  BAYOU,  HILLSBORO  COUNTY. 

Four  Mile  Bayou  was  the  northernmost  point  on  the  coast  visited  by  us. 

On  the  east  side  of  Four  Mile  Bayou,  beginning  at  a  small  bayou  that  connects 
with  the  greater  one,  is  a  ridge  of  shell,  040  paces  in  length,  running  parallel  with 
the  water  and  only  a  few  yards  back  from  high  water  mark.  The  ridge,  which 
runs  N.  by  W.  and  S.  by  E.,  has  been  cut  into  to  a  certain  extent  by  the  removal 
of  shell  for  use  on  streets  of  the  town  of  Clearwater  Harbor.  The  section  exposed 
showed  no  artifacts  other  than  a  few  bits  of  pottery  with  the  check  stamp.  One 
hundred  yards  from  the  northern  end  the  ridge  is  64  feet  across  and  5  feet  high. 
T\vo  hundred  yards  farther  along  its  altitude  is  3  feet  7  inches;  its  breadth,  76  feet. 
Five  hundred  yards  from  the  northern  extremity  it  is  79  feet  across  and  4  feet  10 
inches  high.  The  southern  end,  for  the  last  150  feet,  has  a  breadth  of  50  feet  and 
is  8  feet  6  inches  high. 

On  the  east  side  of  Four  Mile  Bayou,  on  the  property  of  Mr.  J.  F.  Girard. 
living  near  by,  is  a  mound  4  feet  high  and  58  feet  across  the  base.  This  mound 
had  a  top  layer  of  shell  and  black  loam  1.5  feet  thick.  Next  came  about  1  foot  of 
yellow  sand  and  finally  a  layer  of  shell  and  loam  about  1  foot  4  inches  in  thickness. 
A  central  excavation  and  lateral  trenching  indicated  this  mound  to  be  of  a  domi 
ciliary  character. 

About  300  yards  in  a  northerly  direction  from  Mr.  Girard's  place,  in  woods, 
on  property  belonging  to  Mr.  George  T.  Chamberlain,  of  Tampa,  is  a  mound 
thickly  covered  with  scrub  growth,  having  an  irregular  basal  outline.  Excava 
tions,  whence  came  material  for  the  mound,  are  near  its  base,  and  it  person 
standing  at  the  bottom  of  one  of  these  would  form  an  incorrect  idea  as  to  the 
height  of  the  mound,  which,  measured  froTn  the  western  side,  apparently  from  the 

1  To  owners  of  mounds  who  so  readily  and  so  cordially  granted  us  permission  to  dig,  we  wish  to 
tender  our  warm  thanks. 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      353 

general  level,  is  18  feet.  The  diameter  of  the  mound  north  and  south  is  150  feet; 
east  and  west,  116  feet.  The  summit  plateau  is  CO  feet  by  28  feet. 

Considerable  digging  led  us  to  believe  the  mound  to  be  of  irregular  local  layers 
of  shell  and  sand,  covered  with  sand  which,  at  the  summit  plateau,  is  about  3  feet 
in  thickness.  A  few  burials  closely  flexed  were  met  with,  none  at  a  greater  depth 
than  3  feet.  While  there  was  not  sufficient  digging  to  enable  us  to  determine  posi 
tively,  it  is  our  belief  that  this  mound  is  of  a  domiciliary  character  with  superficial 
burials. 

About  150  yards  N.  N.  W.  from  the  mound  just  described,  also  on  the  property 
of  Mr.  Chamberlain,  is  another  mound,  the  N.  E.  slope  of  which  has  been  eaten 
away  by  a  small  stream. 

Excavations  made  previous  to  our  visit,  and  the  great  section  laid  bare  by  the 
stream,  showed  no  presence  of  shell  or  indication  of  interments. 


FIG.  1. — Plan  of  mounds  and  causeways,  Point  Maximo. 

Disston  City  and  New  Cadiz  are  on  the  mainland  n  few  miles  south  of  Big 
Bayou.  Small  sand  mounds  on  properties  belonging  to  Mr.  Martin  Campos  and 
Mrs.  R.  Barnett,  yielded  neither  human  remains  nor  artifacts. 

POIXT  MAXIMO,  HII.I.SBOHO  COUXTV. 

Following  the  coast  line  down  we  come  to  Point  Maximo.  About  half  a  mile 
in  an  easterly  direction  inland  are  several  very  interesting  aboriginal  works  on  the 

45  JOURX.   A.  X.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


354      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 

property  of  Mr.  R.  Strada,  of  St.  Petersburg,  Fla.,  who  refused  permission  to  dig. 
Thickly  covered  by  palmettoes,  is  a  mound  marked  A  on  the  plan  (Fig.  1),  appar 
ently  of  sand  and  shell,  now  having  a  small  frame  cabin  on  the  summit.  This 
mound,  which  is  referred  to  by  Mr.  S.  T.  Walker,1  nearly  circular  as  to  outline  of 
base,  has  a  diameter  at  base  of  a  little  over  100  feet:  The  height  is  10  feet  above 
the  general  level. 

From  the  southern  side  of  the  mound  a  broad  ridge  of  shell  (B)  connects  the 
mound  with  another  ridge  (C)  running  parallel  to  the  water.  The  remainder  of 
the  base  is  surrounded  by  an  excavation  from  1  to  2  feet  in  depth  below  the  general 
level,  though  seemingly  much  deeper  when  looked  down  upon  from  ridges  adjacent 
to  the  mound.  In  a  westerly  direction  from  the  mound  is  a  curious  ridge  (D),  700 
feet  long,  running  in  a  northeast  by  easterly  and  southwest  by  westerly  direction, 
with  a  maximum  height  of  6  feet  9  inches  and  a  maximum  breadth  of  70  feet.  This 
causeway  does  not  seem  to  be  a  deposit  of  shell,  formed  during  aboriginal  occupa 
tion,  but  rather  built  for  a  purpose,  as  parts  of  it  are  of  shell  and  sand  mingled  ; 
parts,  shell  and  sand  side  by  side  ;  parts,  all  sand.  Beginning  near  the  northeastern 
terminus  of  the  ridge  another  causeway  (E),  mainly  of  sand,  extends  about  250 
feet  in  a  southerly  direction  where  it  turns  to  the  east,  having  approached  at  this 
point  within  50  feet  of  the  ridge  (C),  which  leaves  the  southern  side  of  the  mound. 
The  area  enclosed  between  these  ridges  is  about  1  foot  3  inches  below  the  general 
level,  and  doubtless  furnished  material  for  the  causeways. 

Beginning  with,  and  nearly  at  right  angles  to,  the  shell  ridges  (C)  fronting  the 
water,  about  500  feet  in  a  westerly  direction  from  the  principal  mound,  two  embank 
ments  (F,  G)  extend  in  a  northerly  direction  about  500  feet,  terminating  at  a  mound 
of  sand  (II)  about  3  feet  6  inches  above  the  general  level  and  55  feet  across  the 
base,  approximately.  The  embankments  converge  from  131  feet  between  them 
where  they  leave  the  shell  ridge  to  17  feet  where  they  join  the  mound. 

The  westernmost  causeway  is  well  defined ;  is  of  sand,  where  excavations  were. 
made ;  is  from  35  feet  to  53  feet  in  breadth  and  1  foot  G  inches  in  height.  The 
eastern  embankment  is  less  well  marked  and  merges,  on  the  other  side,  with  the 
surrounding  country.  Two  excavations  of  moderate  size  Avere  made  in  the  sand 
mound;  one  without  result;  the  other  yielding  human  remains,  badly  decayed, 
just  below  the  surface. 

The  space  included  between  the  ridges  varies  from  2  feet  8  inches  to  1  foot  in 
depth,  and  has  somewhat  the  appearance  of  a  canal.  Presumably  the  remoA*al  of 
material  for  the  ridges  is  responsible  for  the  depression. 

In  the  territory  back  of  Point  Maximo  are  other  embankments  of  considerable 
size  Avhich  were  not  investigated  by  us  through  refusal  of  permission  by  the  owner. 
Numerous  small  shell  ridges  not  included  in  the  plan  lie  to  the  east  of  mound  A 
back  of  shell  ridge  C. 

'  Smithsonian  Report,  1879,  p.  404. 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA   WEST-COAST.      355 

MOUND  ox  PINE  KEY,  HILLSBORO  COUNTY. 

Pine  Key  is  one  of  the  islands  at  the  entrance  to  Tampa  Ray.  The  mound 
described  by  Mr.  Walker,  is  on  the  southernmost  portion  of  Pine  Key,  which  is 
divided  into  two  parts  by  a  small  bayou.  The  mound,  which  ifc  most  difficult  to 
find,  being  surrounded  by  trees  and  scrub  growth,  is  about  300  yards  in  an  E.  S.  E. 
direction  from  the  southern  end  of  a  sheet  of  water  called  the  Duck  Pond,  or  about 
50  yards  in  an  easterly  direction  from  a  tongue,  or  continuation  extending  beyond 
the  end  of  the  lake.  The  tongue,  itself  apparently  of  artificial  origin,  is  connected 
with  the  mound  by  a  canal  of  irregular  breadth,  nowhere  exceeding  58  feet,  which, 
leaving  the  tongue  at  right  angles,  goes  directly  to  the  mound.  The  canal,  at  the 
present  time,  is  not  over  2  feet  3  inches  in  depth,  though  banks  on  either  side  make 
it  appear  considerably  more. 

The  mound,  which  is  very  irregular,  varies  from  60  feet  to  85  feet  in  diameter 
of  base  and  is  about  6  feet  in  height,  taken  from  the  general  level.  Deep  depres 
sions  near  parts  of  the  base  show  whence  the  material  for  the  mound  was  derived. 

A  number  of  small  and  shallow  excavations  were  apparent. 

Seven  of  our  men  dug  3.5  hours  on  parts  of  the  mound  previously  undisturbed. 
The  mound  is  made  of  unstratified  white  sand.  Burials  were  met  with  at  six  points 
from  1  foot  below  the  surface  to  6  feet  in  depth.  These  burials  were  closely  Hexed 
in  a  manner  to  be  described  more  particularly  in  our  account  of  a  mound  on  the 
Little  Manatee  river.  With  one  burial  were  a  number  of  massive  beads  of  shell. 
With  others  were  bits  of  earthenware  vessels  having  incised  and  punctate  decoration. 

MOUNDS  NEAR  POINT  PINELOS,  HILLSBORO  COUXTV. 

Point  Pinelos  is  the  southernmost  extremity  of  the  peninsula  which  bounds 
Tampa  Bay  on  the  west.  On  the  property  of  Mr.  Win.  B.  Henderson,  of  Tampa, 
about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in  from  Point  Pinelos,  following  a  course  N.  W.  by 
W.,  is  an  oblong  mound  with  rounded  corners,  extending  longitudinally  almost  due 
east  and  west.  Its  major  diameter  of  base  is  155  feet;  its  minor  diameter,  47  feet. 
The  summit  plateau  is  105  feet  in  length  and  30  feet  across  at  the  center.  Each 
extremity  of  the  plateau  is  19  feet  across.  Mr.  S.  T.  Walker  (Smithsonian  Report, 
1879,  p.  407)  gives  this  mound  as  No.  10  on  his  list,  and  gives  the  height  as  25 
feet.  The  exact  altitude  above  the  surrounding  level  is  16  feet  6  inches,  and  above 
the  mass  of  sand  which  surrounds  the  base,  12  feet  6  inches.  From  the  summit 
plateau  to  undisturbed  sand  at  the  base  of  the  mound  is  a  depth  of  17  feet. 
The  sides  of  the  mound  are  precipitous,  ascending  at  an  angle  of  30  degrees. 

A  graded  way  extends  from  the  exact  center  of  the  southern  side  of  the 
summit  plateau  almost  due  south,  a  distance  of  112  feet.  This  causeway,  made  of 
sand  with  a  sprinkling  of  shell,  is  34  feet  broad  at  its  union  with  the  mound  and 
23  feet  across,  12  feet  from  its  terminus. 

The  labor  of  seven  men  working  five  hours  on  a  trench  beginning  46  feet  from 
the  western  end  of  the  north  side  of  the  mound  indicated  the  mound  to  be  of 


35G      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 

irregular  layers  of  sand  and  of  shell,  the  exterior  being  of  sand.  Several  bits  of 
rude,  undecorated  ware,  one  fragmentary  bone  piercing  implement,  a  bit  of  chert 
lance-head  were  the  only  relics  met  with. 

One  hundred  and  thirty  feet  N.  from  the  eastern  end  of  the  mound  is  an  exca 
vation  of  circular  outline,  Ul  feet  in  diameter  and  G  feet  7  inches  deep,  from  which 
sand  for  the  mound  was  taken.  Another  excavation' 94  feet  by  78  feet,  similar  in 
character  and  of  the  same  depth,  lies  125  feet  E.  S.  E.  from  the  eastern  end  of  the 
mound. 

A  number  of  low  sand  mounds  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  one  described  gave 
no  feature  of  interest. 

There  are  several  low  mounds  near  St.  Petersburg,  which  have  been  dug  into. 
In  addition,  in  the  town,  on  the  property  of  Mr.  J.  A.  Armistead,  of  St.  Petersburg, 
who  granted  permission  to  investigate,  are  two  mounds  in  a  field.  One  is  conical, 
of  shell  and  very  steep ;  the  other,  of  sand,  has  a  rather  unpromising  appearance. 

At  the  northern  extremity  of  old  Tampa  Bay,  near  Safety  Harbor,  permission 
to  dig  was  refused. 

Near  Tampa  are  two  mounds  which  have  been  dug  through  by  treasure 
seekers,  it  is  said. 

Mouxns  ox  ALAFIA  RIVER,  HIIJ.SHOKO  COUNTY. 

The  Alafia  river  runs  into  Hillsboro  Bay,  a  part  of  Tampa  Bay. 

Riverview  is  a  small  settlement  about  5  miles  up  the  Alafia  river.  About  1 
mile  farther  up  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  somewhat  back  from  the  landing, 
is  an  unstratified  sand  mound  where  considerable  digging  was  without  result. 

About  one-half  mile  above  the  mouth  of  the  river  is  Shell  Blutt',  the  property 
of  Mr.  R.  E.  (libson,  in  whose  orange  grove  is  a  low,  irregularly  shaped  sand 
mound  about  2  feet  in  height,  witli  a  diameter  of  55  feet  at  present  time.  Owing 
to  presence  of  orange  trees,  trenching  only  was  attempted.  A  considerable  number 
of  burials  were  met  with,  flexed  and  lying  on  the  left  side  as  a  rule.  No  artifacts 
were  with  the  remains. 

Mill  Point  is  less  than  one-half  mile  above  the  mouth  of  the  Alafia  river,  on 
the  right-hand  side  going  down.  At  this  point  are  a  number  of  aboriginal  works 
which  are  shown  on  the  accompanying  plan  (Fig.  2).  Investigation  was  made  by 
us  with  the  consent  of  Mr.  W.  B.  Henderson,  of  Tampa,  to  whom  we  are  indebted, 
in  addition,  for  kindness  shown  us  in  other  ways. 

Along  the  banks  of  the  river  are  shell  ridges  (A)  with  a  maximum  height  of 
8  feet.  In  rear  of  these  ridges  are  shell  fields  and  other  ridges  running  back,  not 
shown  on  the  plan.  Parallel  with  the  water  of  a  sort  of  bay  to  the  east  of  the 
point,  is  a  steep  ridge  of  sand  (B)  terminating  abruptly  at  either  end,  containing 
local  layers  of  shell.  A  certain  amount  of  investigation  in  this  ridge,  which  is  148 
feet  long,  about  62  feet  wide  at  the  base  and  somewhat  over  11  feet  high,  gave  no 
indication  of  interments.  A  roadway  about  30  feet  wide  at  its  central  part  slopes 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      357 

upwards  and  joins  the  ridge  about  at  right  angles,  near  the  center  of  the  western 
side.  The  length  of  this  roadway  from  its  beginning  to  the  mid-line  of  the  ridge  is 
82  feet.  Oft'  the  northern  end  of  the  ridge  is  a  depression  (C)  with  sloping  sides, 
having  a  maximum  depth  of  4.5  feet,  a  maximum  breadth  of  56  feet  and  90  feet  in 
length.  From  this  depression  doubtless  came  material  for  the  ridge.  A  short  dis 
tance  west  of  the  ridge  is  a  mound  (D)  very  much  spread  out,  which,  apparently, 
has  been  under  cultivation  in  earlier  times.  Its  basal  dimensions  are  80  feet  by  08 
feet;  its  height,  4.5  feet.  Various  excavations  showed  it  to  be  of  white  sand  with 
a  certain  intermixture  of  loam,  and  local  layers  of  shell.  A  lew  fragments  of 
human  bones  lav  near  the  surface. 


,-S-» 


FIG.  2. — Plan  of  mounds  and  causeways  near  Mill   Point. 


Several  hundred  yards  from  this  mound,  in  a  northerly  direction,  in  pine 
woods,  on  property  of  Mr.  L.  (I.  Newman,  of  Tampa,  is  a  sand  mound  (E)  about  3 
feet  in  height.  Considerable  digging  showed  it  to  be  domiciliary.  A  similar  mound 
(F)  but  a  short  distance  from  the  other  yielded  no  result.  Depressions  around 
these  mounds  are  shown  in  broken  lines. 

Bullfrog  creek  is  a  tributary  of  the  Alafia  river.  On  this  creek  was  formerly 
a  shell  heap  of  considerable  size.  It  is  referred  to  by  Mr.  Walker  in  his  list  of 
shell  heaps  of  Tampa  Bay  and  its  location  given  on  a  plan.  This  mound  has  since 
been  largely  demolished  to  furnish  shells  for  the  streets  of  Tampa,  and  its  destruc 
tion  was  watched  with  interest  by  many.  We  are  informed  on  all  sides  that  no 


358      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 

object  of  interest  was  met  with  during  the  work,  and  as  this  so  closely  agrees  with 
our  experience  of  the  shell  heaps  of  the  west  coast,  we  are  inclined  to  accept  it. 

MOUND  NEAR  LITTLE  MANATEE  RIVEK,  HJLLSHORO  COUNTY. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  Little  Manatee  river,  about  1.5  miles  up,  is  the  resi 
dence  of  Mrs.  Cordelia  Hoey,  on  the  summit  of  a  great  aboriginal  shell  heap,  possi 
bly  one  of  those  seen  by  DeSoto  and  his  men.  A  short  distance  in  a  northerly 
direction  from  the  house  is  a  mound  thickly  covered  with  scrub,  into  which  a  small 
trench  had  been  dug  prior  to  our  visit.  The  mound,  irregularly  circular  and  rather 
rugged  as  to  its  surface,  has  a  base  diameter  of  about  58  feet,  a  height  of  6  feet. 
From  the  southwest  side  of  the  mound  an  aboriginal  canal,  almost  straight,  runs  a 
distance  of  238  feet  to  the  water.  Leaving  the  mound  the  canal  is  64  feet  across, 
converging  to  a  width  of  36  feet  at  its  union  with  the  water.  The  canal,  in  com 
mon  with  the  field  through  which  it  runs,  has  been  under  cultivation,  and  conse 
quently  is  irregular  as  to  sides  and  bottom.  The  maximum  depth  is  now  3  feet  3 
inches,  though,  according  to  Mr.  Hoey,  twenty  years  ago,  when  first  he  came  to  the 
place,  the  sides  were  steeper  and  the  canal  about  2  feet  deeper,  so  that  high  tides 
entered  the  field  until  a  dam  was  placed  across  the  mouth  of  the  canal. 

Beginning  in  the  marginal  part  of  the  northeast  side  of  the  mound,  a  trench 
35  feet  across  at  the  beginning  was  run  29  feet  in  to  the  center  of  the  mound,  where 
the  trench  had  converged  to  a  width  of  9  feet.  The  mound  was  of  pure  white 
sand,  unstratified.  At  the  very  outset  burials  were  encountered.  In  all.  112 
burials  were  met  with,  classing  as  such  human  remains  with  which  the  cranium 
was  present  and  omitting  a  limited  number  of  bones  found  loose  in  the  mound. 
These  burials  were  in  a  much  greater  state  of  flexion  than  we  have  usually  seen  in 
our  mound  work.  The  prevailing  form  of  interment  was  a  squatting  position,  the 
feet  on  a  level  with  the  pelvis,  the  legs  against  the  thighs  and  these  drawn  up 
against  the  body.  The  upper  arms  were  against  the  sides  with  the  forearms  some 
times  raised  parallel  to  the  upper  arms  and  sometimes  on  the  chest,  reaching  to  the 
neck.  The  head  was  bent  over  and  forced  down  between  the  thighs,  sometimes  to 
the  pelvis.  Certain  skeletons  lay  on  the  side  with  the  same  general  arrangement  of 
the  extremities  and  the  skull  pressed  over  against  the  knees.  So  compact  were  these 
bundles  of  bones,  which  were  not  the  bunched  burial  so  often  met  with,  where  sepa 
rate  bones,  not  in  order,  are  loosely  piled  in  a  heap,  that  we  believe  the  skeletons  in 
this  mound,  perhaps  denuded  of  flesh,  but  held  together  by  ligaments,  were  envel 
oped  in  wrapping  of  some  sort  and  tightly  bound  with  cord  or  sinew.  One  of  these 
bundles  of  the  average  size  was  23  inches  long  and  about  26  inches  in  circumference. 

The  crania  were  so  decayed  and  so  injured  by  roots  of  palmetto  scrub  which 
covered  the  mound,  that  none  was  preserved. 

In  connection  with  human  bones  lying  loose  in  the  mound,  and  with  probable 
denudation  of  flesh  from  the  skeletons  prior  to  interment,  the  reader  will  recall  that 
it  was  near  Tampa  that  DeSoto  rescued  Juan  Ortiz,  a  member  of  a  former  Spanish 
expedition,  who  was  found  guarding  from  wild  beasts,  dead  bodies  of  aborigines, 
exposed  for  a  period  prior  to  interment. 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      359 

Under  two  crania  was  sand  made  pink  by  admixture  of  hematite.  With,  or  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of,  burials  were  :  a  shell  drinking  cup;  a  well-made  bead  of 
shell ;  a  number  of  blue  glass  beads  and  two  bits  of  lookingglass ;  a  spear-head  of 
chert;  a  large  flake  of  the  same  material,  doubtless  used  as  a 
knife;  a  pebble  hammer;  a  smoothing  stone,  apparently  of 
lime  rock ;  a  fossil  shark's  tooth  over  4  inches  in  length, 
considerably  worked  at  the  base,  probably  for  halting;1  a 
polished  pendant  of  stone,  minus  a  portion  of  the  base ;  a 
stone  pendant,  badly  broken  ;  a  pendant,  probably  of  fine 
grained  sandstone,2  representing  the  head  of  a  bird,  of 
which,  unfortunately,  most  of  the  .bill  is  wanting  (Fig.  3). 
Pendants  in  the  form  of  birds  have  frequently  rewarded  our 
search  in  southern  mounds.  In  a  mound  near  Tavares,  Lake 
County,  Florida,  we  found  a  bird  amulet  of  igneous  rock,  tin- 
head  of  which  was  wanting.3  We  have  seen,  described  and 
near  Lutie 'ManltJriver.  figured,4  a  beautiful  pendant  representing  the  head  of  a  duck, 
which  came  from  the  Turkey  creek  mound,  among  a  cache  of 

other  pendants,  and   is   now   in   possession   of  Andrew   E.    Douglass,   Esq.,  of  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York. 

Throughout  the  mound  were  sherds  mostly  plain,  though  some  bore  incised, 
and  some  punctate,  markings.  One  had  stamped  decoration. 

About  400  yards  E.  by  N.  from  the  mound  just  described,  in  pine  woods,  is  a 
mound  3  feet  high  and  72  feet  in  diameter,  the  property  of  Mr.  J.  A.  Darcey,  living 
nearby.  A  central  excavation  yielded  neither  burials  nor  artifacts. 

INDIAN  HILL,  HILLSHOKO  COUNTY. 

About  3  miles  down  Tampa  Bay  from  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Manatee  river 
is  an  island  known  as  Indian  Hill,  probably  eight  acres  in  extent,  almost  covered 
by  an  aboriginal  deposit  of  shells,  including  oyster,  clam,  conch  (Fulgur),  cockle 
(Cardium],  Pecten,  S trombus  gigas,  Strombus  pugilis,  Fasciolaria  gigantea,  Fas- 
ciolaria  tulipa.  Part  of  the  shell  deposit  is  made  of  irregular  mounds  and  ridges. 
At  one  extremity,  however,  the  deposit  rises  steeply,  forming  a  great  heap  seemingly 
composed  of  three  mounds  with  depressions  between.  The  circumference  of  base  is 
423  paces.  The  largest  of  these  heaps  has  a  height  of  30  feet  above  the  surrounding 
shell  deposit  and  30  feet  7  inches  above  water  level.  We  believe,  after  personal 
inspection  of  the  majority  of  Florida  shell  heaps  and  careful  inquiry  as  to  the  rest, 

1  A  shark's  tooth  similarly  treated,  was  found  liy  us  in  a  mound  on  Ossabaw  Island,  Georgia, 
and  is  described  in  our  "  Certain  Aboriginal  Mounds  of  the  Georgia  Coast." 

•  Theodore  D.  Rand,  Esq.,  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  has  kindly  identified  all  rocks 
referred  to  in  this  Report.  As  we  have  not  furnished  Mr.  Rand  with  sections  of  the  specimens,  the 
determinations  are  not  considered  final  by  him. 

3  "  Certain  Hand  Mounds  of  the  Ocklawaha  River,  Fla.,"  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hila.,  Vol.  X. 

1  "A  Cache  of  Pendent  Ornaments,"  p.  190,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  Vol.  XI. 


360      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 

that  the  shell  deposit  at  Indian  Hill  exceeds  in  height  any  in  the  State,  though 
considerably  greater  altitudes  for  other  sites  have  been  given  by  writers  who  base 
their  assertions  upon  estimate.  In  Fig.  4  we  give  a  photograph  showing  the  great 
deposit  at  Indian  Hill,  extending  completely  across  the  background  of  the  picture, 
with  the  house  of  the  owner  of  the  island,  Mr.  F.  B.  Walker,  occupying  the  west 
ernmost  extremity  of  the  heap.  Unfortunately,  it  is  beyond  the  power  of  the 
camera  to  show  the  slope  or  comparative  height  of  mounds  owing  to  undue  promi 
nence  given  to  the  foreground. 

Close  to  the  great  shell  heap  is  another,  also  of  shell,  very  symmetrical,  with 
upward  slope  of  28  degrees,  in  places.  This  mound,  shown  in  the  photograph  in 
front  of  the  greater  heap,  oblong  with  rounded  comers,  extends  76  feet  in  a  N.  K. 
and  S.  W.  direction.  Its  minor  diameter  is  55  feet ;  its  height  above  the  general 
level  of  the  surrounding  shell  is  12  feet  4  inches.  At  the  S.  W.  end  of  the  mound 
a  trench  was  run  in  from  the  margin  21  feet,  converging  from  41  feet  at  the  begin 
ning  to  20  feet  at  the  end.  The  mound  was  built  of  layers  of  small  oyster  shells 
and  strata  of  crushed  shell  and  blackened  debris.  During  the  excavation,  human 
remains  were  met  with  at  seventeen  points  and  in  other  places  while  caving  the 
sides  of  the  excavation  at  the  end.  No  remains  lay  at  a  depth  greater  than  4  feet, 
while  the  majority  were  just  beneath  the  surface.  With  three  exceptions  the 
burials  consisted  of  parts  of  disarranged  skeletons.  Two  skeletons  lay  much  flexed, 
on  the  side ;  the  other,  face  down  and  partly  flexed.  No  artifacts  were  with  the 
remains. 

At  one  end  of  this  mound  lay  numbers  of  small  shells  (Strombus  pugilis)  with 
two  perforations  for  a  handle,  in  the  body  whorl  below  the  periphery  and  much 
chipped  and  worn  at  the  beak.  These  and  similar  shells,  lying  here  and  there  over 
the  entire  deposit,  had  doubtless  served  as  hammers,  probably  to  open  shell-fish 
for  food. 

In  a  southerly  direction,  along  the  east  shore  of  Tampa  Bay,  is  Terraceia 
Island,  Manatee  Co.  On  this  island  (see  map),  on  the  property  of  Mr.  L.  W. 
Johnson,  is  a  low  irregular  mound,  in  which  were  found  a  few  flexed  burials 
without  artifacts. 

About  150  yards  N.  N.  W  from  this  mound  is  a  shell  deposit,  with  the  usual 
ridge  leading  to  it. 

On  property  of  Dr.  L.  R.  Warren,  of  Braidentown,  Florida,  not  far  from  the 
other  remains  on  Terraceia  Island,  is  a  large  oblong  mound  running  north  and 
south,  with  the  usual  graded  way  leading  to  it. 

Up  the  Manatee  river,  Manatee  Co.,  near  Erie  P.  0.,  are  three  small  mounds, 
on  properties  belonging  to  Messrs.  L.  P.  PVy  and  Louis  Brubacher,  in  which  were 
found  only  a  few  scattered  bones. 

On  the  southern  extremity  of  Cow  Point  Island,  Sarasota  Bay,  Manatee  Co., 
on  -property  of  Mr.  C.  W.  Thigpen,  are  an  aboriginal  shell  deposit  and  two  low 
burial  mounds,  in  which  were  present  closely  flexed  burials  without  artifacts. 


362      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA   WEST-COAST. 

Near  the  shore  of  Sarasota  Bay,  on  property  of  Mr.  J.  II.  Gillespie,  of  Sara 
sota,  are  three  low  sand  mounds,  much  dug  into  previous  to  our  visit,  in  which  we 
found  practically  nothing. 

Near  Snell's  Bayou,  Manatee  Co.,  in  sight  of  the  water,  is  a  mound  on  property 
of  Mrs.  F.  E.  Brooks,  of  Birmingham,  Michigan,  whose  winter  home  is  near  the 
mound.  The  mound,  of  brown  sand,  is  109  feet  across  the  base  and  10  feet  in 
height.  A  central  trench  was  Avithout  result. 

About  one-half  mile  in  a  southerly  direction  from  Sarasota,  Manatee  Co.,  a  few 
yards  from  the  water,  in  oak  and  palmetto  scrub,  is  a  mound  on  the  property  of  Mr. 
Adolph  Zakezcwski,  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.  The  mound  is  20  feet  high  with  some 
what  irregular  basal  outline,  and  about  130  feet  across.  Considerable  digging  done 
previous  to  our  visit  showed  no  trace  of  human  remains  along  the  sections,  nor  were 
our  excavations  more  successful.  The  mound,  which  is  probably  of  a  domiciliary 
character,  seems  to  be  of  gray  sand  without  shell. 

MOUND  ON  PINE  ISLAND,  LEE  COUNTY. 

Southward  from  Charlotte  Harbor  is  Pine  Island  Sound  in  which  is  Pine 
Island.  About  three  miles  down,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  island,  is  a  small  key 
supposed  to  be  about  three  acres  in  extent.  This  island  rises  in  places  to  a  con 
siderable  height  owing  to  an  aboriginal  deposit  of  shells,  whence  its  name, — Indian 
Old  Field. 

About  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in  a  W.  N.  W.  direction  from  Indian  Old  Field, 
on  Pine  Island,  is  a  mound  a  trifle  over  5  feet  in  height  and  GO  feet  across  the  base. 
It  is  situate  away  from  the  mainland  proper,  on  what  is  known  as  a  sandspit, — 
territory  not  usually  covered  by  tides  but  subject  to  overflow  during  unusually  high 
ones.  It  seems  curious  for  aborigines  to  have  chosen  such  a  spot  for  a  place  of 
interment  when  solid  ground  in  abundance  was  so  near  at  hand. 

4  The  mound,  on  property  of  the  late  J.  H.  Kreamer,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
was  but  partly  investigated  by  us.  A  trench,  28  feet  across  at  the  beginning,  was 
started  at  the  northeast  side  of  the  mound  where  wash  of  tides  had  carried  away  a 
portion,  leaving  an  abrupt  section.  The  trench,  converging  to  24  feet  at  the  end, 
was  carried  in  a  distance  of  20  feet.  The  mound,  unstratified,  was  of  gray  sand. 
At  the  base  and  below,  where  were  a  number  of  burials,  the  sand  was  black  from 
admixture  of  loam.  At  the  beginning  of  the  excavation  were  numbers  of  frag 
ments  of  pottery,  belonging  to  different  vessels,  placed  thickly  together.  Nearby 
were  several  shell  drinking  cups  and  a  number  of  conch-shells. 

Interments  met  with  at  thirty-eight  points,  consisted  of  burials  loosely  flexed 
and  others  closely  drawn  together  like  those  we  have  described  from  the  mound  on 
Little  Manatee  river.  There  were  also  several  masses  of  disconnected  bones  and 
skeletons  disturbed  by  burials  made  afterward,  though  probably  by  the  same  tribe. 

With  the  burials  were  three  "celts"  of  iron  or  steel;  glass  beads,  on  three 
occasions ;  two  tubular  sheet  silver  beads  with  overlapping  edges ;  one  kite-shaped 
pendant  of  thin  sheet  silver,  decorated  with  a  repousse  cross  (Fig.  5) ;  a  handsome 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      363 

lance-head  of  hornstone,  4  inches  long;  a  lance-head  of  chert;  two  arrowheads  of 
chalcedony ;  a  tooth  of  a  fossil  shark,  perforated  for  use  as  a  pendant.  With  the 
basal  burials  and  with  the  sub-basal  ones,  some  of  which  were  0.5  feet  beneath  the 

surface,  were  no  artifacts.  The  burials  on  and 
below  the  base,  in  every  case  but  three,  were 
closely  flexed,  while  the  flexion  in  the  body  of  the 
mound  was  loose  in  character.  The  burials  with 
European  objects,  however,  were  not  intrusive,  but 
belonged  to  the  period  when  the  part  of  the  mound 
in  which  they  were  was  made. 

At  the  northern   end  of  Pine  Island  Sound  are 
several  islands,  among  which  Mondongo  and  Joseft'a 
were  visited  by  us.     These  islands,  though  thickly 
FIG  5— Pendant  of  silver.   Mound  on      covered  with  aboriginal  deposits  of  shell,  are  not  of 

the  pile-dweller  type,  since  the  islands  are  of  sand, 

a  number  of  feet  in  height,  on  which  the  debris  of  aboriginal  meals  has  been 
thrown.  Though  Mr.  F.  P.  Roach,  owner  of  Josetfa  Island,  placed  it  at  our  dis 
position,  we  had  by  this  time  done  so  much  fruitless  digging  into  the  shell  of  the 
west  coast  that  we  did  not  feel  justified  in  taking  time  from  what  we  believed  to  be 
a  richer  district  farther  south. 

JOSSELYX  KEY,  LEE  COUNTY. 

Josselyn  Key,  in  Pine  Island  Sound,  off  the  northwestern  end  of  Pine  Island, 
has  been  described  by  Mr.  Gushing.  There  is  a  large  shell  deposit  on  the  island 
with  courts,  canals,  mounds  and  platforms.  We  made  a  number  of  excavations  in 
the  muck  of  various  courts  and  canals,  finding  absolutely  nothing. 

DEMOKEY  KEY,  LEE  COUXTY. 

This  island  lies  about  two  and  one-third  miles  S.  S.  E.  from  Josselyn  Key. 
Here  our  men  made  numerous  excavations  in  the  muck,  finding  it  from  1  to  3  feet 
in  depth.  Nothing  was  obtained  beyond  several  bits  of  coarse  earthenware. 

Mr.  dishing  has  described  Demorey  Key  with  considerable  detail,  and  it  was 
there  he  found  the  "  truncated  pyramid"  with  the  wall  of  conch-shells  described  by 
him,1  and  shown  in  Plate  XXIX  and,  in  elevation  with  the  rest  of  the  key,  in 
Plate  XXVIII.  Mr.  Gushing  says  :  "  The  most  remarkable  feature  of  this  key  was 
a  flat,  elongated  bench,  or  truncated  pyramid,  that  crowned  the  middle  elevation. 
I  discovered  this  merely  by  accident.  In  order  to  gain  a  general  idea  of  the  key, 
which  was  almost  as  much  overgrown  with  luxuriant  and  forbidding  vegetation  as 
had  been  the  wilder  key  first  explored,  I  climbed  high  up  among  the  skinny  and 
crooked  limbs  of  a  gigantic  gumbo  limbo  that  grew  directly  from  the  inner  edge  of 

1  Op.  cit.,  pp.  10  and  11. 


364      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 

this  elevation.  Luckily,  great  festoons  of  tough  vines  clung  to  the  lower  limbs  of 
this  tree,  for  in  shifting  my  position,  I  slipped  and  fell,  and  was  caught  by  these 
vines,  to  the  salvation  of  my  bones,  probably,  since  by  the  force  of  the  fall  some  of 
the  vines  were  torn  away,  revealing  the  inner  side  of  this  platform  and  the  fact  that 
it  was  almost  vertically  faced  up  with  conch-shells ;  their  larger,  truncated  and 
spiral  ends,  laid  outward  and  in  courses  so  regular,  that  the  effect  was  of  a  mural 
mosaic  of  volutes.  I  hastily  tore  away  more  of  the  vines,  and  found  that  this 
faced-up  edge  of  the  platform  extended  many  feet  in  either  direction  from  the  old 
gumbo  limbo.  I  may  say  here,  that  on  occasion  of  two  later  visits  I  cleared  the 
facade  of  this  primitive  example  of  shell  architecture  still  more ;  was  enabled, 
indeed,  when  I  last  visited  the  place — since  I  was  then  accompanied  by  a  consider 
able  force  of  workmen — to  entirely  expose  its  inner  side  and  its  southern  end. 
Thus  was  revealed — even  more  completely  than  is  shown  in  Plate  XXIX — a 
parallelogramic  and  level  platform,  some  three  and  a  half  feet  high  and  twelve 
yards  in  width,  by  nearly  thrice  as  many  in  length.  It  was  approached  from  the 
inner  side  by  a  graded  way  that  led  obliquely  along  the  curved  ascent  up  from  the 
mangrove  swamp,  to  a  little  step-like,  subsidiary  platform  half  as  high  and  some 
twelve  feet  square,  which  joined  it  at  right-angles,  just  beyond  the  point  shown  at 
the  extreme  right  of  the  picture  here  given.  The  top  of  this  lesser  step,  and  the 
approaches  to  either  side  of  it,  were  paved  with  very  large,  uniform-sized  clam 
shells,  laid  convex  sides  upward,  and  as  closely  and  regularly  as  tiles.  The  lower 
or  southern  end  of  the  main  platform  was  rounded  at  the  corners,  and  rounded  also 
on  either  side  of  the  sunken  ascent  midway,  in  which  the  longer  of  the  graded 
ways  I  have  described  terminated.  Contemplating  the  regularity  of  this  work,  its 
central  position  and  its  evident  importance,  as  indicated  by  the  several  graded 
ways  leading  to  it  from  distant  points,  I  could  not  doubt  that  it  had  formed  the 
foundation  of  an  imposing  temple-structure,  .and  this  idea  was  further  carried  out 
by  the  presence  at  its  northern  end  of  two  small,  but  quite  prominent  altar-like 
mounds." 

Although  Mr.  Gushing  seems  carefully  to  have  looked  into  this  matter,  we 
believe  him  to  be  mistaken  in  attributing  an  aboriginal  origin  to  this  wall  of  conch-, 
shells. 

We  four  times  visited  Demorey  Key  with  a  force  of  men  to  dig. 

The  elongated  bench  described  by  Mr.  Gushing  is  a  portion  of  an  ordinary 
aboriginal  shell  ridge,  which  seemed  to  us  to  have  been  somewhat  ilattened  to 
serve  as  a  site  for  .a  modern  house  and  garden.  In  fact,  we  are  informed  by 
"  Johnny "  Smith,  Mr.  Gushing' s  guide,  that  at  the  time  of  his  visit  to  Demorey 
Key,  a  house,  partly  in  ruins,  occupied  a  portion  of  this  level  space  just  by  the 
little  platform.  When  we  first  visited  the  key  (March,  1900),  we  saw  a  frame 
house  which  must  have  occupied  the  site  of  the  older  one.  This  house  also  had 
been  removed  when  last  we  stopped  at  the  key. 

The  wall  of  conch-shells,  shown  in  our  plan  (Fig.  6)  by  the  solid  line  A  to  B, 
does  not  surround  a  parallelogram,  but  extends  about  100  feet  only  on  the  inner,  or 


CERTAIN   ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      305 

eastern  side,  where  it  distinctly  leaves  the  straight  line  to  go  around  a  gumbo  limbo 
tree,  as  shown  at  C.  This  alone  we  think  sufficient  to  prove  the  comparatively 
modern  origin  of  the  wall.  At  the  southeastern  corner  it  circles  about  a  lemon 
tree  at  D  and  comes  to  an  end.  There  is  no  sign  of  a  wall  in  the  southwestern 
corner,  there  being  there  only  a  loose  heap  of  large  shells,  mostly  conchs.  Such 


Sit«   of 
HUM. 


Scalt  in  let  t 
•    i      . 


FIG.  6. — Plan  of  shell  ridge  and  wall  of  eoncli-shells,  Demorey  Key. 

heaps  are  very  frequently  met  with  on  the  shell  islands  which  have  been  cultivated, 
since  the  large  shells  interfere  with  the  hoe  and  the  plow.  At  Chokoloskee,  in  the 
Ten  Thousand  Islands,  great  piles  and  ridges  of  these  shells,  collected  within  the 
last  few  years,  are  to  be  seen.  At  Josselyn  Key  are  similar  heaps  of  shells  thrown 
loosely  together,  which  Robert  Allen,  the  captain  of  our  steamer,  informed  us  he 


366      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 

had  seen  in  process  of  collection  by  Josselyn,  the  former  owner  of  the  key. 
Several  such  piles  are  in  close  proximity  to  the  leveled  space  at  Demorey  Key. 

There  is  no  defined  outline  of  a  parallelogram  save  along  the  wall,  the  other 
portions  being  the  simple,  gradual  slope  of  an  ordinary  shell  ridge. 

The  wall  itself  seemed  to  us  to  have  been  built  by  some  settler  in  the  present 
century,  primarily  to  serve  as  a  sort  of  retaining  wall  to  keep  in  place  great  num 
bers  of  conchs  which  lie  loosely  behind  the  wall,  and  thus  when  loam  was  superim 
posed,  to  broaden  his  vegetable  garden.  The  slope  of  the  shell  heap  on  the 
inner  side  is  much  steeper  than  on  the  outer  side  where  it  was  not  necessary  to 
build  a  wall. 

We  removed  portions  of  the  shell  wall  at  various  places  and  dug  into  the  mass 
of  material  beyond  at  the  level  of  the  base,  finding  glass,  iron  and  earthenware, 
one  bit  with  a  glaze. 

We  examined  also  the  subsidiary  platform  referred  to  by  Mr.  Gushing  and 
shown  on  our  plan  at  E.  The  pavement  of  large  clam  shells,  the  convex  side 
upward,  described  by  him,  no  longer  remained,  though  here  and  there  were  clam 
shells  mostly  with  the  convex  side  upturned.  Young  Smith,  a  brother  of  Mr. 
Cushing's  guide,  informed  us  that  he  had  lived  upon  Demorey  Key  after  Mr.  Cush- 
ing's  visit,  and  had  displaced  many  of  these  shells.  Digging  into  the  platform  we 
discovered  it  to  be  made  of  loose  conchs  with  a  certain  amount  of  undisturbed, 
black  loam  on  top,  in  all  a  little  over  one  foot  in  thickness.  Just  below  this  loam, 
and  over  the  conch-shells,  was  a  large  fireplace  leading  us  to  suppose  that  the  plat 
form  had  been  built  for  use  as  a  kitchen.  Beneath  was  the  black  surface  loam  of 
the  shell  heap.  One  foot  down,  among  the  conch-shells  of  the  platform,  and  just 
above  the  black  loam  of  the  original  surface,  under  the  fireplace,  we  found  a  num 
ber  of  large  pieces  of  glass  showing  marks  of  fire. 

MOUND  ISLAND,  LEE  COUNTY. 

Mound  Island,  or  Johnson's  Key,  as  it  is  also  called,  is  in  Estero  Bay,  about 
seven  miles  in  a  straight  line  in  a  southeasterly  direction  from  Punta  Rassa,  and 
may  be  reached  by  a  sheltered  way  behind  islands,  or  from  the  Gulf  through  Carlos 
Pass.1  Mound  Island,  where  wre  were  courteously  received  by  Mrs.  F.  M.  Johnson 
in  the  absence  of  her  husband,  the  owner,  is,  in  our  opinion,  the  most  typical  of  all 
the  Key-dwellers  islands.  We  were  informed  by  Mrs.  Johnson  that  its  area  is 
about  140  acres.  A  survey  we  have  seen  makes  it  about  128  acres  in  extent.  In 
addition  to  a  general  shell  deposit  over  most  of  the  island,  and  numerous  graded 
ways,  courts,  small  canals  and  at  least  one  hooked-shaped  breakwater  at  the  mouth 
of  a  canal,  a  great  canal,  still  admitting  water  in  the  highest  tides,  running  nearly 
N.  E.  and  S.  W.,  bisects  the  island.  Beginning  in  the  northeastern  portion  of  the 
island,  this  highway  for  canoes,  a  little  farther  on,  passes  the  burial  mound  of  the 
island,  and  at  about  two-thirds  of  its  length  goes  between  embankments  of  shell, 

1  Government  Chart,  No.  174,  shows   Little  ami   Big  Carlos  Pass.      They  are  now   united. 
Mound  Island  lies  nearly  two  miles  in  an  easterly  direction  from  the  Pass. 


CERTAIN   ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      367 

at  places  over  20  feet  in  height,  having  on  its  left  the  great  precipitous  shell-heap 
which  gives  the  island  its  name.  In  Fig.  7  we  show  a  representation  of  this  mound 
with  part  of  the  main,  or  dividing,  canal,  sketched  from  an  elevation  to  the  north. 

Mr.  Cashing,  in  his  brilliant  preliminary  report  (page  19  et  sfg.),  speaks  of 
Mound  Island  at  some  length.  At  the  foot  of  page  19  he  says,  "  It  consisted  of  a 
long  series  of  enormous  elevations  crowned  by  imposing  mounds  that  readied  an 
average  altitude  of  over  GO  feet."  Mr.  dishing  here  has  given  an  estimate  as  the 
actual  height,  and  we  feel  impelled  to  call  attention  to  this  since  we  have  repeatedly 
gone  on  record  that  no  shell  deposit  of  Florida  reaches  a  height  of  40  feet.  In 
point  of  fact  the  principal  mound  of  Mound  Island  is  31  feet  above  sea  level  at 
half  tide,  and  30  feet,  2.5  inches  in  height  if  measured  from  the  general  level  at  the 
base.  These  measurements  were  made  and  repeated  with  a  theodolite,  and  we 
believe  them  to  be  accurate.  Different  stages  of  tide  might  modify  the  first  meas 
urement  by  a  foot  or  two  either  way. 


FIG.  7. —  Principal  mound  with  portion  of  main  canal.     Mound  Island. 

Persistent  excavations  were  made  by  us  in  the  muck  of  the  canals  and  courts 
at  Mound  Island,  which  was  sometimes  3  or  4  feet  in  depth,  resulting  in  the  dis 
covery  of  a  few  bits  of  earthenware  only  and  a  handsome  implement  wrought  from 
a  conch-shell,  unfortunately  without  a  handle.  The  result  of  our  work  was  a  bitter 
disappointment  to  us,  as  we  had  gone  to  Mound  Island  fully  prepared  with  a  band 
of  diggers  and  with  a  portable  pump  to  keep  down  the  water  while  engaged  in  the 
muck. 

The  burial  mound  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  island,  to  which  we  have 
referred,  lies  in  a  mangrove  swamp.  It  is  65  feet  across  the  base  and  about  11  feet 
in  height.  It  is  composed  of  sand  and  loamy  material  with  a  certain  admixture  of 
shell.  We  dug  into  this  mound  to  a  certain  extent,  finding  nothing  of  particular 
interest.  Many  relics,  however,  mostly  of  European  origin,  have  come  from  it. 


FLORIDA  COAST 


FROM  LITTLE  MARCO  Is  TO  CHATHAM  RIVER 

1900 


Walsons, 


V\_J 

„<<•  Y'c 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      309 

Some  of  these,  we  believe,  have  been  presented  to  the  Museum  of  Science  and  Art 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  by  Mr.  Joseph  Willcox. 

\ 
LITTLE  MAIJCO  ISLAND,  LEE  COUXTV. 

The  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  whose  name  is  not  conferred  in  a  poetical  way, 
but  probably  falls  short  in  describing  the  number,  beginning  with  Little  Marco 
Island  in  the  north,  thickly  fringe  the  coast  line  of  part  of  the  counties  of  Lee  and 
Monroe  to  the  Northwest  Cape,  a  distance  of  about  seventy  miles,  in  a  straight  line. 

These  keys,  formed  by  oyster  bars,  sand  and  the  roots  of  the  mangrove  tree, 
are  from  a  few  feet  to  a  number  of  miles  in  area,  and  are,  as  a  rule,  just  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  But  an  insignificant  proportion  of  these  islands  have  been  utilized 
by  the  Key-dwellers. 

All  published  maps  of  this  part  of  Florida  are  grossly  inaccurate  in  respect  to 
the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  locating  key  settlements  on  the  mainland,  reversing 
their  positions  and/ the/ like,  while  Government  charts  skip  most  of  the  islands,  the 
task  being  too  difficult  to  cope  with. 

The  map  given  by  us,  mainly  taken  from  the  Government  chart,  shows,  as  it 
does,  below  Key  Marco,  only  the  outlines  of  the  outer  tier  of  islands,  and,  in  addi 
tion,  indicates  the  location  of  the  shell  islands  visited  by  us.  These  islands  do  not 
lie  in  open  water,  but  are  enclosed  in  a  labyrinth  of  other  keys. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  Little  Marco  Island  is  a  shell  settlement  with  the  usual 
ridges  and  mounds  of  moderate  size. 

/ 

i  MARCO,  LEE  COUXTY. 

Marco,  on  the  northernmost  end  of  Key  Marco,  by  far^the  most  important  of 
the  Ten  Thousand  Islands  (see  map),  is  where  Mr.  Cushing  made  his  marvelous 
collection  of  objects  of  wood  and  of  shell  in  the  muck  at  the  bottom  of  a  small 
triangular  court,  enclosed  between  ridges  of  shell. 

All  the  territory  in  and  around  Marco,  including  its  canals,  its  courts  and  its 
mounds  of  shell,  was  cordially  placed  at  our  disposition  by  W.  D.  Collier,  Esq., 
of  Marco,  the  owner,  and  investigation  was  made  by  us  in  the  muck  of  courts  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  one  so  advantageously  explored  by  Mr.  Cushing. 
Absolutely  nothing  rewarded  our  efforts. 

From  Mr.  (i.  E.  Cuthbert.  of  Marco,  we  obtained  a  collection  of  objects 
ploughed  up  during  cultivation,  among  which  were  many  rather  rude  "sinkers" 
of  shell  and  others  somewhat  resembling  them,  but  too  carefully  made  to  have 
served  for  other  than  ornamental  purposes.  In  Fig.  8  are  shown  selected  speci 
mens  of  this  kind  from  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  including  Marco;  Goodland 
Point,  Key  Marco ;  and  Chokoloskee  Key. 

In  the  Marco  collection  are  four  shell  discs.  One,  with  two  perforations,  is 
evidently  a  gorget ;  one  is  imperforate ;  one  has  a  small  central  perforation,  while 
the  remaining  one  has  a  much  larger  hole  in  the  middle.  All  these  are  shown  in 
Fig.  9. 

48  JOURX.  A.  X.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


FIG.  8.— Ornaments  of  shell.     Ten  Thousand  Islands.     (Full  size.) 


CERTAIN1    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      371 

There  were  also  a 'number  of  rude  sinkers  of  coralline  limestone  and  one, 
globular  in  shape,  of  coral. 

A  curious  type  found  among  the  Florida  keys,  consisting  of  oblong  strips  of 
shell,  is  represented  by  four  specimens  in  the  Marco  collection.  These  objects 


FIG.  9.— Discs  of  shell,  Key  Marco.     (Full  size.) 

might  seem  to  be  unfinished  were  it  not  that  the  margins  are  carefully  worked,  and 
some  show  a  high  polish  as  from  use. 

A  neatly-made  chisel,  probably  of  argillyte,  3.4  inches  in  length,  is  polished 
and  has  a  circular  section.  On  one  end  is  a  bevelled  cutting  edge;  on  the  other,  a 
blunt  point. 

CiOODLAXD    PoiXT,    MARCO    ISLAXD,    LEE    COUXTV. 

Goodland  Point,  about  six  miles  farther  down  the  east  side  of  Marco  Island,  on 
its  southeastern  extremity,  has  a  great  expanse  of  shell  deposit  which  was  put  at 


372      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF    THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 

our  service  by  Mr.  Samuel  Pettit,  the  owner.  In  the  mangroves,  about  one-half 
mile  from  the  landing,  are  a  number  of  low,  irregular  undulations,  which  seem  to 
have  served  as  places  of  burial  for  the  aboriginal  settlement.  Considerable  previous 
digging  had  been  attempted.  An  imperfect  examination  indicated  that  parts  of 
disjointed  skeletons  had  been  buried  just  below  a  shell  deposit,  and  subsequently 
about  one  foot  of  loam  had  been  piled  above. 


FIG.  10. — Disc  and  "sinkers"  of  limestone.    Goodland  Point.     (Full  size.) 

With  a  femur,  a  tibia,  fragments  of  a  fibula,  parts  of  a  radius,  were  four  arrow 
heads,  or  knives,  of  chert. 

One  small  mound  had  twelve  shell  drinking  cups  just  beneath  the  surface. 
Though  the  mound  was  less  than  half  demolished  by  us,  over  twenty  of  these  cups 
were  met  with. 

From  the  sons  of  Mr.  Pettit  we  got  a  considerable  collection  of  objects  found 
during  cultivation  of  the  place,  including  several  beautiful  shell  pendants ;  many 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      373 


•'t  ' 


'*'""       " 


• 


FIGS.  12,  13. — Objects  of  shell.     Goodland  Point. 
(Full  size.) 


FIG.  11.— "Celt"  of  shell.    Goodlaud  Point.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  14.— Object  of  shell.     Goodland  Point. 
(Full  size.) 


374      CERTAIN   ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 

rude  "sinkers"  of  shell  and  of  coralline  limestone;  a  perforated  disc  of  soft  lime 
stone  which,  with  some  typical  stone  "sinkers,"  is  shown  in  Fig.  10;  a  beautiful 
and  perfect  "celt"  of  shell,  wrought  from  the  lip  of  Strombus  gigas,  about  7.5 
inches  long,  of  a  type  not  found  out  of  Florida  in  the  United  States,  but  present 
in  certain  West  India  islands  (Fig.  11);  two  smaller  "celts"  of  shell;  three 
narrow,  oblong  strips  carefully  cut  from  the  body  whorl  of  a  large  marine  univalve, 
of  the  type  we  have  referred  to  as  found  at  Marco,  two  of  which  are  shown  in 
Figs.  12,  18 ;  a  shorter  and  wider  oblong  section  of  shell,  much  polished  (Fig.  14) ; 
two  centrally  perforated  discs  of  shell  shown  in  Figs.  15,  16;  a  scoop-shaped 
object  of  shell  with  rough  incised  decoration  (Fig.  17);  another,  spoon-shaped, 
also  of  shell  (Fig.  18) ;  a  chisel  of  igneous  rock,  with  bevelled  cutting  edge, 
similar  in  type  to  the  one  from  Marco,  though  somewhat  larger. 


" 


. 

•  '      'V- 


FIGS.  15,  16.— Discs  of  shell.     Goodland  Point.     (Full  size.) 

One  of  the  most  interesting  features  of  this  collection  is  a  beautifully  wrought 
implement,  probably  of  claystone,  of  a  type  not  found  in  the  National  Museum,  we 
are  informed  by  Professor  Holmes.  At  one  end  is  a  carefully  made  bevelled  cutting- 
edge  ;  the  other  end  originally  tapered  to  a  fine  point.  This  specimen,  Mr.  Pettit's 
son  informed  us,  was  found  intact  by  him,  but  having  been  allowed  to  fall,  it  broke 
into  a  number  of  pieces.  These  pieces,  with  the  exception  of  a  small  fragment 
from  the  pointed  end,  which  he  had  lost,  have  been  put  together  by  us.  The 
present  length  is  13.12  inches,  though  the  reproduction  makes  it  a  little  greater ; 
the  maximum  diameter  is  .56  of  an  inch  (Fig.  19). 

With  the  objects  of  shell  and  of  stone  obtained  by  us  at  Goodland  Point  were 
two  earthenware  heads  of  birds,  one  probably  representing  a  turkey  head  (Fig.  20) ; 
the  other,  the  head  of  a  predatory  bird,  perhaps  an  eagle  (Fig.  21). 

These  heads,  which  doubtless  served  as  handles  of  vessels,  are  interesting,  owing 
to  the  section  whence  they  came,  .since  no  such  heads  were  met  with  by  us  else- 


\ 
I 


FIG.  17.— Object  of  shell.     Goudland  Point. 
(Full  size.) 


FIG.  18.— Object  of  shell,      (modhiml    Point. 
(Full  size.) 


FIG.  19. — Rave  implement  of  clarstone 
Good  land  Point.     (Full  size.) 


376      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 

where  on  the  southwestern  coast  of  Florida,  or,  we  think,  have  been  described  by 
others  as  coining  from  there. 

The  heads  show  considerable  excellence  of  design  and  workmanship,  and  far 
exceed,  in  these  respects,  any  bird-head  handles  met  with  by  us  in  other  parts  of 
Florida,  with  one  exception. 

Mr.  S.  T.  Walker,  in  the  Smithsonian  Report  for  the  year  1888,  describes  and 
figures  certain  earthenware  bird-heads  from  Florida,  but  these  came  from  the 
extreme  northwestern  coast  of  that  State,  not  far  from  the  Alabama  line,  and, 
moreover,  are  of  little  artistic  excellence. 

In  the  mound  at  Ginn's  Grove,  St.  Johns  river,  Orange  County,  we  found  a 
beautifully  painted  and  incised  head  of  a  predatory  bird,1  which  Professor  Holmes 
describes  in  his  "  Earthenware  of  Florida."  2 


FIG.  20.  —  Earthenware  head  of  turkey. 
Goodland  Point.     (Full  size.) 


Fio.  21. — Earthenware  head  of  predatory  bird. 
Goofllaud  Point.     (Full  size.) 


Elsewhere  on  the  St.  Johns  we  have  found  bird-head  handles  of  vessels,  but 
these  others  were  rude  in  character. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  a  groove  cut  around  the  base  of  the  neck  of  the 
predatory  bird,  showing  that,  after  the  separation  from  the  vessel,  the  head  was 
used  as  a  pendant. 


Blue  Hill,  on  Horr's  Island,  about  one  mile  S.  W.  from  Goodland  Point,  has  a 

1  "  Certain  Sand  Mounds  of  the  St.  Johns  river,  Florida."     Part  I,  p.  87.     Plate  XV,  Fig.  4. 

2  Page  124,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Phila.,  Vol.  X. 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      377 

considerable  aboriginal  shell  deposit  and  a  sand  mound  about  6  feet  in  height,  which 
has  been  thoroughly  dug  through. 

Caximbas  Hill  is  a  wind  formation  on  the  southwestern  part  of  Marco  Island. 
Nearby  is  a  considerable  shell  deposit. 

Proceeding  in  a  southerly  direction  among  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  we 
visited  Gomez'  Old  Place  on  a  small  nameless  key  reached  from  the  Gulf  through 
a  pass  about  two  miles  east  of  Coon  Key,  and  continuing  in  about  one  mile  in  a 
northerly  direction.  The  key,  at  present  writing  (1900),  is  uninhabited.  It  covers 
probably  about  30  acres  of  interesting  shell  deposit,  partly  surrounding  a  basin  that 
tills  with  the  rising  tide. 

Dismal  Key,  Lee  County,  lies  about  2  miles  north  of  Horse  Key,  an  outside 
island  about  5  miles  E.  S.  E.  from  Coon  Key  Pass,  which  is  the  southern  entrance 
to  Murco.  This  unsurveyed  key  has  a  great  shell  deposit  with  the  usual  mounds 
and  the  like. 

Fikahatchce  Key,  Lee  County,  unsurveyed,  perhaps  150  acres  in  extent,  can 
be  reached  by  an  inland  passage  at  high  tide,  or  from  the  Gulf  through  a  nameless 
pass  and  continuing  in  among  the  islands  for  from  three  to  four  miles.  In  any 
event,  a  pilot  is  requisite.  On  this  island  is  an  extensive  shell  deposit.  A  family 
living  on  the  key  occupies  a  house  partly  built  upon  piles. 

Russell's  Key  may  be  reached  from  the  Gulf  by  entering  the  islands  about 
three  miles  above  Sandfly  Pass  and  continuing  in  among  the  keys  another  three 
miles.  This  key,  which  has  large  aboriginal  shell  deposits,  perhaps  60  acres  in 
extent,  is  occupied  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Russell  and  Mr.  M.  M.  Gaston  with  their  families. 

Wiggins'  Key  on  Sandfly  Pass,1  about  one  mile  from  the  Gulf,  on  the  right- 
hand  side  going  out,  has  extensive  shell  deposits  and  two  small  burial  mounds  of 
sand  and  shell  which  have  been  much  dug  into.  Our  excavations,  made  with  per 
mission  of  Mr.  J.  Wiggins,  the  owner,  were  unrewarded. 

This  place  is  shown  on  maps  as  in  the  northern  limits  of  the  county  of  Monroe, 
but  at  the  present  time  this  territory,  extending  south  below  Chokoloskee  Key, 
is  claimed  by  Lee  County,  and,  it  is  said,  probably  will  be  obtained  by  it. 

CHOKOLOSKEE  KEY,  MONROE  COUNTY. 

This  island  lies  in  the  lower  part  of  Chokoloskee  Bay,  a  sheet  of  water  back 
of  the  maze  of  islands  bordering  the  Gulf. 

The  island  is  unsurveyed.     It  is  roughly  circular  and  is  said  to  be  somewhat 

1  See  Government  Chart,  No.  173. 
48  JOURX.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


-";- .>*^i"   ""V^-v 


f*     •  * 
-  "•   •J-. 


FIG.  22.— Unidentified  object  of  limestone.     Cliokoloskee 
Key.     (Full  size.) 


• 

c 

.;•¥• 


•     . 


FIGS.  23,  24. — "Sinkers"  of  coral.     Cliokoloskee  Key. 
(Full  size.) 


FIG.  27. — "Sinker"  of  limestone.     Cliokoloskee  Key. 
(Full  size.) 


FIG.  25.— Canine  of  liear,  used  as  pendant. 
Cliokoloskee  Key.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  28.  — Net  "sinker"  of  shell.     Cliokoloskee  Key.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  26.— Implement  of  argillytc.    Chokoloskee  Key. 
(Full  size.) 


CERTAIN   ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   FLORIDA   WEST-COAST.      379 


It   is   almost  entirely  covered   with   great   .shell 


over  one-half  mile  in  diameter, 
deposits,  including  lofty  peaks,  graded  ways,  canals  and  the  like.  Rising  from  the 
mangrove  swamp  at  the  edge  of  the  northern  part  of  the  island,  is  a  mound  of 
shell  of  abrupt  ascent,  a  fraction  over  27  feet  in  height,  if  measured  from  the  level 
of  low  water.  Running  in  from  the  southern  section  of  the  island  are  two  graded 
ways  enclosing  a  canal.  These  ways  terminate  in  mounds  facing  each  other.  The 
easternmost  mound,  slightly  the  higher,  on  its  western  side,  where  it  rises  from  the 
canal,  has  a  slope  of  thirty-three  degrees.  Its  height  above  the  level  of  the  bottom 
of  the  canal  is  18  feet  4  inches,  and  22  feet  4  inches  above  low  water  level.  From 
Mr.  McKinney,  postmaster  at  Chokoloskee,  and  from  others,  we  obtained  an  inter 
esting  collection  of  artifacts,  including  shell  pendants ;  shell  "  sinkers ;"  two  shell 
"celts;"  a  shell  disc;  a  small  "celt"  of  decomposed  rock;  a  handsomely  made 
heart-shaped  object  of  limestone,  with  perforation,  which  seems  too  carefully 
wrought  for  use  as  a  "sinker"  and  too  large  for  a  pendant  (Fig.  22);  two  "sinkers" 
of  coral  (Figs.  23,  24) ;  a  pendant  made  from  a  canine  tooth  of  a  large  bear,  probably 


FIG.  29. — Net  "sinker"  of  clam  shell.     Turner's  river.     (Full  size.) 

Ursus  floridanus,  grooved  for  suspension  (Fig.  25) ;  a  very  rare  type  of  implement, 
probably  of  argillyte,  perhaps  used  as  a  piercer  (Fig.  20) ;  a  net  "sinker"  of  coralline 
limestone  (Fig.  27) ;  a  net  "sinker"  of  the  shells  of  the  reef-building  mollusc,  Ver- 
micularia  nigricam,  Dall l  (Fig.  28). 

We  have  found  on  the  keys  a  number  of  perforated  "sinkers"  of  this  material, 
but  all  others  were  of  irregular  outline,  unworked  as  to  the  margin. 

Near    the    mouth   of   Turner's   river,   which   enters   Chokoloskee   Bay   in   an 
easterly  direction  from  the  key  and  not  far  from  it,  is  a  considerable  shell  deposit 

1  Identified  by  Professor  Pilsbry  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 


380      CERTAIN   ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 

where  we  found,  among  other  objects,  a  sinker  made  from  a  clam-shell  (Fig.  29). 
It  is  interesting  to  recall  that  Mr.  Gushing  found  in  the  muck  at  Marco  "  chipped 
and  notched  fragments  of  heavy  clam  shells"  in  place  on  fishing  nets. 

WATSON'S,  MONROE  COUNTY. 

About  four  miles  up  Chatham  river  is  a  series  of  shell  fields  owned  by  Mr. 
Watson  who  resides  on  the  place. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

It  is  our  belief,  judging  from  the  results  of  our  work  along  the  Florida  west- 
coast,  that  archaeological  opportunities  offered  there  are  more  for  the  surveyor  than 
for  the  excavator.  And  the  surveyor  must  have  a  care,  while  introducing  into  his 
plans  all  visible  remains  of  the  aborigines,  not  to  idealize,  and  thus  on  his  plans 
show  more  than  is  present  on  the  various  sites. 

We  believe  Mr.  dishing' s  discoveries  at  Marco  were  an  isolated  case,  and  in 
fact,  Mr.  Gushing  has  so  expressed  himself  to  us.  Perhaps  a  hurricane  crushed  in, 
at  that  particular  spot,  a  group  of  dwellings,  including  a  temple  or  sacerdotal  house. 
Continuous  digging  in  the  muck  of  keys  might  reveal  scattered  objects,  accidental 
losses,  whose  specific  gravity  caused  them  to  sink  when  falling  into  the  water. 
This  would  not  be  the  case  with  objects  wholly  of  wood  as  were  the  majority 
of  those  found  by  Mr.  Gushing  at  Marco. 

We  are  not  prepared  to  believe  that  aboriginal  objects  of  wood,  some  artisti 
cally  carved,  were  confined,  as  to  their  use  in  Florida,  to  the  keys  of  the  southwest 
coast.  The  kitchen-middens  of  Europe  show  the  preservative  quality  of  mud  for 
wood,  and  we,  therefore,  think  that  wooden  objects  were  found  at  Marco,  because 
they  lay  in  a  better  medium  for  preservation,  and  not  because  they  were  in  use  only 
along  the  southwest  coast.  We  know  the  Florida  Indians  of  other  parts  of  the 
State  used  wood.  Ribault's  French  Huguenots  (1564)  saw  in  use  "a  little  vessel 
of  wood"1  near  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Johns,  Avhere  we  opened  two  great  Indian 
mounds.  In  the  famous  mound  at  Mt.  Royal,  farther  up  the  river,  which  we  believe 
to  be  the  place  near  the  lake  visited  by  some  of  the  Frenchmen,  where  lived  a 
great  king,  we  found  a  long  pin,  or  skewer,  of  wood,  parts  of  which,  preserved  by 
a  coating  of  sheet  copper,  were  beautifully  carved.2 

We  think,  therefore,  it  not  unlikely  that  the  sand  mounds  of  Florida  contained 
a  store  of  objects  carved  in  wood,  which  have  long  since  disappeared  through  decay. 

CERTAIN  SHELL  IMPLEMENTS  OF  THE  SOUTHWEST  COAST  OF  FLORIDA. 

Florida  may  be  called  the  home  of  the  shell  implement  in  this  country,  for  no 
other  State  has  such  an  extent  of  sub-tropical  sea  coast  where  shells  abound,  and  in 
no  other  State  is  such  a  need  created  through  absence  of  stone. 

1  "  Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana  and  Florida,"  p.  229. 

2  "Certain  Sand  Mounds  of  the  St.  Johns  river."     Part  II,  Fig.  15,  p.  142,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.,  Vol.  X. 


CERTAIN   ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      381 

While  implements  of  shell  are  fairly  numerous  throughout  the  State,  they  are 
in  most  profuse  abundance  along  the  southwest  coast,  especially  the  keys  of  the 
Ten  Thousand  Islands.  The  great  majority  of  these  implements  are  marine  uni 
valves  perforated  to  receive  a  handle.  Many  have  beaks  ground  down  almost  to  a 
cutting  edge,  while  other  shells,  in  use  as  hammers,  have  blunter  beaks.  It  is  of 
this  form  of  implement,  that  is  to  say,  a  shell  used  with  a  handle,  as  a  hammer,  a 
chisel,  a  hoe,  a  gouge,  an  adze  or  the  like,  that  we  propose  to  speak.  On  Key 
Marco,  Chokoloskee  Key  and  other  places  the  great  abundance  of  conchs  (Fulgur] 
and  "  horse  conchs  "  (Fasciolarta)  is  a  positive  detriment  to  cultivation  and  great 
heaps  of  these  shells,  as  we  have  previously  stated,  are  often  collected  by  the 
inhabitants  before  agricultural  work  is  attempted.  Among  these  shells  a  fair  per 
centage  had  been  used  as  implements,  broken  and  thrown  aside  in  aboriginal 
times,  while  a  few,  presumably  lost,  are  still  fairly  perfect. 


Aperture. 


J/tou/der.  d/)ff/e 
or 


Body  Mior/. 


Cana/-  -— V-  _ 

"  1  Beet  A- 

FIG.  30. — Nomenclature  of  parts  of  marine  univalve. 


Before  going  into  the  matter  of  these  shell  implements,  it  may  be  well  to  show 
a  representation  of  a  marine  univalve  with  the  names  applied  to  its  various  parts 
(Fig.  30),  which  we  have  borrowed  from  a  book  by  Professor  Pilsbry,  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  to  whom,  with  Mr.  Joseph  Willcox, 
also  of  the  Academy,  we  are  indebted  for  much  information  as  to  Florida  shells. 

We  shall  now  describe  a  representative  selection  from  the  shell  implements 
collected  by  us  from  the  surface  of  the  keys  of  the  southwest  coast  of  Florida. 
All  are  shown  full  size  in  the  illustrations. 


382      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 


FIG.  31. — Shell  implement.     Goodlaml  Point.     (Full  size.) 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      383 

Fig.  31  is  a  massive  conch  (Fiilgur  pcrversnm],  with  two  round,  carefully 
made  holes  to  allow  the  handle  to  run  diagonally  to  the  right  of  the  columella.1 
The  beak  is  carefully  ground  almost  to  a  straight  edge  which  would  he  at  an  acute 
angle  with  a  handle.  The  body  whorl  has  been  cut  off  several  inches  back.  A 


FIG.  32.  — Shell  Implement     Chokoloskee  Key.     (Full  size.) 

small  rudely  made  hole  above  the  periphery,  not  shown  in  the  reproduction, 
probably  has  no  connection  with  the  tool  as  such,  as  great  numbers  of  conch  shells 
not  used  as  implements  have  similar  holes  presumably  made  to  sever  the  muscle  of 
the  fish  and  facilitate  its  removal  from  the  shell.  This  specimen  came  from  Good- 
land  Point. 

1  The  column  or  axis  of  the  shell. 


384      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA   WEST-COAST. 

Fig.  32  shows  a  stout  Fulgur  perverstim  from  Chokoloskee  Key.  It  is  beauti 
fully  wrought,  the  two  holes  being  round1  and  carefully  cut  to  allow  a  handle  to 
pass  to  the  right  of  the  columella  in  a  way  that  would  bring  the  sharp  cutting  edge 


FIG.  33. — Shell  implement.     Chokoloskee  Key.     (Full  size.) 

at  the  beak  at  right  angles  to  a  handle.  The  body  whorl  has  been  cut  several 
inches  back.  There  is  a  small  rude  hole  above  the  periphery  of  the  kind  we  have 
referred  to.  This  implement  would  serve  admirably  as  a  gouge. 

1  A  part  of  the  axis  showing  to  the  left  of  the  farther  hole  takes  away  from  the  circular  appear 
ance  in  the  reproduction. 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      385 

Fig.  33  is  of  a  lighter  Fulgur  perversum,  also  from  Chokoloskee  Key.     Two 
round  holes  would  allow  a  handle  to  pass  through  the  shell  to  the  right  of  the  axis, 


FIG.  34.— Shell  implement.     Gomllaml   Point.     (Full  size.) 


at  an  angle  to  the  ground  beak.  A  large  round  additional  opening  is  present, 
perhaps  made  to  allow  a  firmer  lashing  of  the  handle  to  the  axis.  A  considerable 
portion  of  the  body  whorl  has  been  removed. 


49  JOURX.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


386      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 

Fig.  34  is  a  representation  of  a  heavy  Fulgur  perversum  from  Goodland  Point. 
Part  of  the  body  whorl  has  been  removed,  as  in  other  specimens,  perhaps  to  facili 
tate  balance,  certainly  to  obviate  the  necessity  of  making  a  second  hole  through 
the  overlapping  whorl.  A  small  rude  hole  is  above  the  periphery.  Two  round 


\      . 

V:    > 

X 


.     I ''•'. 


FIG.  35.— Shell  implement.     Goodlautl  Point.     (Full  size.) 

perforations  have  permitted  a  handle  to  pass  through  to  the  right  of  the  axis, 
bringing  the  cutting  edge,  which  is  carefully  ground  from  the  inside,  at  an  angle 
to  the  handle.  A  third  hole  to  the  left  of  the  axis  was  probably  for  additional 
attachment  of  the  handle.  This  implement  was  presumably  a  gouge. 

In  Fig.  35  we  have  a  Fulgur  perversum  from  Goodland  Point,  showing  a  modi 
fication  of  the  two  preceding  types.  Round  and  carefully  made  holes  would  bring 
a  handle  to  the  right  of  the  column,  at  an  angle  to  the  gouge-shaped  cutting  edge, 
but,  in  place  of  an  additional  hole  for  thongs  to  pass  through  to  lash  the  handle  to 
the  axis,  the  upper  part  of  the  shell,  including'  the  spire,  has  been  removed.  This 
is  a  common  type  along  the  west  coast. 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      387 


,' 


FIG.  36.— Shell  implement.     Mound   Island.     (Full  Size.) 


388      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA   WEST-COAST. 

A  massive  Fulgur  perversum  is  shown  in  Fig.  36,  which,  unlike  the  other 
shells  described,  did  not  come  from  the  surface  but  lay,  one  foot  down,  in  the  muck 
in  the  main  canal  at  Mound  Island,  Estero  Bay.  In  this  specimen  are  present  the 
small  hole  above  the  shoulder  and  the  partial  removal  of  the  body  whorl  from  the 
edge  back.  A  deep  notch  allowed  a  handle  to  pass  to  the  left  of  the  axis  through 
a  round  hole  in  the  back  of  the  shell.  The  massive  beak  is  ground  to  a  straight 
cutting  edge,  which  would  be  at  a  slight  angle  to  a  handle. 


Flu.  37.— Shell  implement.     Mound  Island.     (Full  size.) 


Fig.  37  shows  a  Fulgur pcrversum,  also  from  Mound  Island,  with  considerable 
portions  removed  and  in  all  respects  similar  to  a  specimen  previously  described  save 
that,  in  place  of  the  double  perforation  allowing  a  handle  to  pass  to  the  right  of  the 
axis,  the  handle,  resting  in  a  notch,  would  pass  to  the  left  of  the  axis  through  a 
circular  hole  on  the  farther  side. 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      389 


FIG.  38. — Shell  implement.     Chokoloskee  Key.     (Full  size.) 

The  implement  shown  in  Fig.  38,  a  Fulgur  perversum  from  Chokoloskee  Key, 
is  a  variant  in  that,  though  deeply  notched  at  the  edge  of  the  whorl,  the  hole  at 
the  other  side  of  the  shell  is  not  in  line  to  permit  the  passage  of  a  handle.  It  is 
possible  the  handle  abutted  against  the  interior  of  the  shell  and  was  lashed  to  the 
axis  through  the  perforation. 


390    -CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES  OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST. 


7 


Fio.  39.— Shell  implement.     Chokoloskee  Key. 
(Full  size.) 


Fio.  40.— Shell  Implement.     Goodland  Point. 

(Full  size.) 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA    WEST-COAST.      391 

Fig.  39  shows  a  Fulgur  perversum  with  notch  and  single  perforation.  So 
much  of  the  shell  has  been  removed  that  the  colnmella  is  exposed.  The  beak  is 
rounded.  This  implement,  which  is  from  Chokoloskee  Key,  was  probably  used  as 
a  hammer. 

Fig.  40  gives  a  type  frequently  met  with  on  the  west  coast,  namely,  the  upper 
portion  of  a  Fasciolaria  gigantea  containing  two  holes  for  a  handle,  with  the  long 
axis  extending  from  it,  rounded  at  the  beak  by  use  as  a  hammer.  This  specimen 
comes  from  Goodland  Point. 


. 


Flo.  42.— Shell  implement. 
Fikaliatclive  Kcv.     (Full  size  ' 


FIG.  41. — Shell  implement.     Chokoloskee  Key. 
(Full  size.) 

Fig.  41,  from  Chokoloskee  Key,  shows  a  Fasciolaria  gigantea  with  some 
what  more  of  the  shell,  containing  two  perforations  for  a  handle  and  a  third  to 
allow  a  firmer  attachment  to  the  axis.  Much  of  the  beak  has  disappeared,  probably 
through  use  has  a  hammer.  This  type  also  is  frequently  met  with  on  the  west 
coast. 

Fig.  42  represents  a  small  and  light •  Fn Iff ur perversum  from  Fikahatchee  Key, 
with  notch  opposite  the  perforation.  The  beak  is  ground  for  use.  A  series  of  small 
round  holes  encircles  the  shell  above  the  shoulder.  This  specimen,  which  is 
slightly  foreshortened  in  the  reproduction,  is  unique  in  our  experience. 


392      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE   FLORIDA   WEST-COAST. 


FIG.  43.— Shell  implement.     Fikahatchee  .Key. 
(Full  size.) 


FIG.  44. — Shell  implement.     Goodland  Point.     (Full  size.) 


v*w  •*-.«•— 


FIG.  45.— Shell  implement. 
Russell's  Key.     (Full  size.) 


Fig.  43,  a  Fulgnr  pcrversnm  from  Fikahatchee  Key, 
with  much  of  the  shell  removed,  is  greatly  worn  and 
rounded  at  the  beak.  Presumably  in  its  use  a  handle 
was  dispensed  with. 

Fig.  44,  a  Strombus  gigas,  is  the  same  type  of  imple 
ment  as  the  preceding.  It  came  from  Goodland  Point. 

Fig.  45  is  a  Strombns  pugilis  from  Russell's  Key, 
with  two  holes  to  permit  a  handle  to  pass  through  to  the 
left  of  the  axis.  The  beak  is  much  chipped.  In  all  proba 
bility,  this  little  shell  was  used  as  a  hammer  to  open 
shell-fish,  and  is  of  the  kind  we  found  in  such  quantities 
at  Indian  Hill. 


CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA   WEST-COAST.      393 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  typo  of  implement  of  which  we  write,  on  the  west 
coast  of  Florida  was  almost  universally  made  from  Fulgur  perversum^  or  Fasci- 
olaria  gigantea. 

Fulgur  carica,  on  the  average,  is  a  much  stouter  shell  than  Fulgur  perversum, 
and  was  very  generally  in  use  on  the  east  coast  and  on  the  St.  Johns  river  for  the 
helved  implements  under  consideration.  On  the  west  coast  Fulgur  carica  is  not 
found,  so  that  the  aborigines  of  these  parts  were  compelled  to  look  to  Fasciolaria 
and  heaviest  forms  of  Fnlgur perversum,  which,  however,  as  our  illustrations  show, 
were  often  amply  sufficient.  Fasciolaria  gigantea  is  of  rare  occurrence  on  the  east 
coast,  and  we  have  never  seen  these  implements  made  from  it  there. 

Irrespective  of  the  shell  in  use,  there  are  other  points  of  divergence  between 
these  implements  from  the  west  coast  on  one  hand  and  from  the  east  coast  and 
from  the  St.  Johns  river  on  the  other. 

On  the  east  coast  and  on  the  St.  Johns  the  shells,  practically  without  excep 
tion,  have  holes  for  the  handles  rudely  made, — knocked  out,  apparently.  On  the 
other  hand,  openings  for  the  helves  in  the  shells  of  the  west  coast  are  frequently 
round  and  carefully  made,  as  may  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  illustrations,  though 
at  times,  perforations  on  the  west  coast  are  rude  also. 

A  type  found  only  on  the  west  coast,  we  believe,  showrs  the  removal  of  a 
large  portion  of  the  shell  on  one  side,  as  is  shown  in  certain  of  the  illustrations. 
Implements  of  this  type  were  found  by  Mr.  Gushing  in  the  muck  at  Marco  with 
wooden  handles  in  place.2 

Another  feature  peculiar  to  the  west  coast  is  the  cutting  of  a  notch  into  the 
margin  of  the  aperture  opposite  a  perforation  in  the  body  whorl,  as  shown  in  cer 
tain  of  our  illustrations,  the  notch  taking  the  place  of  a  second  perforation.  We 
have  seen  this  notch  on  the  St.  Johns  river  but  once  or  twice,  where  it  was  present 
on  a  Fulgnr  perversum  with  a  carefully  wrought  hole.  The  shell  was  associated 
with  columelUe  of  Fasciolaria,  all  probably  an  importation  from  the  west  coast. 

It  is  but  comparatively  recently  that  the  uses  of  these  implements  wrought 
from  entire  shells  have  been  looked  into  with  attention. 

Professor  Rau  figured  and  described3  them  as  war  clubs. 

In  the  American  Naturalist  (August,  1893,  p.  720,  et  seq.}  we  combatted  this 
view  on  the  grounds  that  many  of  the  shells  were  too  small  to  be  formidable ;  that 
the  size  of  the  holes  often  gave  evidence  of  handles  too  slender  to  sustain  a  heavy 
shock ;  that  the  beaks  of  the  shells  frequently  showed  much  chipping  and  wear, 
which  would  not  be  the  case  if  kept  for  use  in  battle.  We  pointed  out,  also,  that 
the  acute  angle  at  which  the  heavy  shells  themselves  were  sometimes  placed  on  the 
handles  on  the  east  coast  would  indicate  employment  as  hoes  rather  than  use  as 
war  clubs. 

1  Fulgur  perversum,  if  held  facing  the  observer,  has  its  opening  to  the  left,  while  Fulgur  carica, 
held  in  the  same  position,  has  its  opening  to  the  right. 

2  Op.  cit.,  p.  40. 

5  Smithsonian  Report,  1879,  p.  222. 


394      CERTAIN    ANTIQUITIES   OF   THE    FLORIDA   WEST-COAST. 

As  we  have  stated,  Mr.  Cashing  found  at  Marco  these  shell  tools  with  handles 
in  place.  On  some  were  remains  of  thongs  that  bound  them.  Mr.  Gushing  men 
tions  various  uses  for  which  these  tools  have  served. 

While  a  few  of  the  heaviest  varieties  of  these  implements  may  have  seen 
service  as  war  clubs,  it  is  evident  that  their  use  was  widely  diverse. 

Dr.  Thomas  Wilson  of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  Washington,  I).  C., 
is  now  engaged  upon  an  investigation  of  righthandedness  and  lefthandedness  among 
the  aborigines,  and  to  aid  him  in  his  research  is  examining  aboriginal  implements 
which  may  furnish  indications  bearing  upon  the  question.  In  furtherance  of  this 
we  have  furnished  Doctor  Wilson  with  over  seventy  implements  of  the  type  we 
have  just  described,  about  thirty  of  which  have  been  retained  permanently  by  the 
National  Museum.'  The  remainder  have  been  sent  to  the  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York,  and  to  the  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass.  The  shells 
figured  in  this  Report  with  others  and  with  the  collections  made  by  us  on  the  west 
coast  of  Florida,  are  at  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  where 
may  be  seen  the  result  of  our  labors  in  various  southern  States. 


INDEX. 


Alafia  River,  mounds  on,  350. 

Bird-heads  of  earthenware,  374. 
Blue  Hill,  376. 
Bullfrog  Creek,  357. 

Canal,  aboriginal,  358. 
Caximbas  Hill,  377. 
"  Celt  "  of  stone,  379. 
"  Celts  "  of  shell,  374,  371*. 
Chisel  of  stone,  371,  374. 
Chokoloskee  Key,  377. 
Conclusions,  380. 
Cushing,  Frank  Hamilton,  351, 
363,  364,  367,  369,  380,  393. 

Demorey  Key,  363. 
Disc  of  limestone,  374. 
Discs  of  shell,  369,  374,  371>. 
Dismal  Key,  377. 
Drinking  cups  of  shell,  372. 

Extent  of  our  investigations,  352. 

Fikahatchee  Key,  377. 
Flexed    burials,  355,  356,  358, 
360,  362. 


Four-mile  Bayou,  352. 

Gomez'  Old  Place,  377. 
Goodland  Point,  371. 

Heart-shaped  object  of  limestone, 

379. 
Hematite,  sand  dyed  with,  359. 

Implement,  unique,  of  stone,  374. 
Implements  of  shell,  380. 
Indian  Hill,  359. 

Josselyn  Key,  363. 

Little    Manatee    River,    mound 

near,  358. 
Little  Marco  Island,  369. 

Marco,  351,  369. 
Mill  Point,  356. 
Modern  relics,  359,  362. 
Mound  Island,  366. 

Net  "  sinkers,"  379. 
Ortiz,  Juan,  358. 


Pendant,  bear's  tooth,  379. 
Pendant,  fossil  shark's  tooth,  303. 
Pendants,  bird-head,  359. 
Pendants  of  shell,  369,  372,  379. 
Piercer  of  stone,  379. 
Piue  Island,  mound  on,  362. 
Pine  Key,  355. 
Point  Maximo,  353. 
Point  Pinelos,  355. 

Russell's  Key,  377. 

Scoop-shaped  object  of  shell,  374. 
Shark's  tooth,  fossil,  359. 
Shell  implements,  380. 
Silver,  pendant  of,  362. 
"Sinker,"  clam  shell,  380. 
"Sinkers,"  371,  374,  379. 
Spoon-shaped  object  of  shell,  374. 

Turner's  River,  379. 

Walker,  S.  T.,  his  explorations, 

•351,  354,  355,  357,  376. 
Watson's,  380. 
Wiggin's  Key,  377. 


m. 


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